That raises another question I’ve wondered about. When I do my clean out it’s in the spring, as soon as I can after the ice comes off it. Do you think there is any “good bacteria” in there at that point or will it have died of over the winter when everything froze up anyway? I’m guessing there’s still some kicking around though. I am going to try wet vacuuming the pond bottom next week to see if I can get it acceptably clean without losing much of the water. I don’t know what is causing so much sediment this year. This stuff almost looks like as if I’d added soil to the water. It is actually causing my skimmer pump to chock out. Every 4 or 5 days I’ll look it at the waterfall and realize there isn’t the right amount of water “falling” so I go out and have to shut the pump off and clean it all up and clean out the skimmer to get it back up to snuff. It’s quite perplexing.
the bacteria you want is NOT in the water, so doesn't matter. IF you clean your walls, rocks, etc, then yeah, you're hurting the system.
Vac the bottom once, get it clean, then keep debris from accumulating unnecessarily in the future.
I think these are the major points concerning me;
1. fish are MOST vulnerable in the spring, coming out of winter, and you're creating stress on top of this with any cleanout.
2. the water does NOT need to be changed, ever, imo, if you keep good husbandry.
3. not changing water, not cleaning the pond, INSURES you have good bacteria already.
4. bacteria WILL die at low temps, just not all of it. There's a small colony left but it takes time to replicate and help the water. The cycling process ALWAYS lags fish transition from dormancy to normalcy. Hence, don't feed much (if at all) initially; let the fish feed off the natural algae that SHOULD be coating surfaces of you pond.
5. Finally, almost all the issues here can be solved by NOT letting the leaves fill your pond, no matter how many trees you like/surround the pond. Find a way to stop this. Others have suggested ideas. Otherwise, daily dredging of the leaves in the fall is the only way to keep your issues from happening.