Chris,
I cannot imagine anything regarding brass, bronze or copper harming your fish or the chemical ecology of your pond, especially not in such a very short time. Alloys of copper should never harm your fish just by being in contact with the water. Copper alloys can kill or at least deter certain bacteria, however, which I think would be good. They are implementing the use of copper more often now in hospitals and clinics because of this inherent bacteriacidal qualities. But, unless the copper and its compounds were actually dissolved into the water, I cannot believe your fish suffered because of the metals in the statue. If it is truly bronze, then the main other alloy element would be tin and that should have no effect either.
If the problem resulted from the statue or fountain, it is likely as Ruben stated - some contaminant - some protective oil or coating that either came from the mfg process or something the marketing/sales people may have coated it with to seal the surface from the elements unwittingly, or else some other source. If it was used, than maybe there were some parasites or bacteria or other contaiminants within the pumpworks or other portions of the structure. Or possibley, it ws just an untimely coincidence and really has no relation to the statue itself. Maybe a change due to the installation of the statue/fountain, but not the fountain itself.
Unless someone has a better theory or better information than what I can surmise, I would be looking for another suspect in this matter. The pond chemistry in regards to the typical "death agents" is where I would begin first.
Catfishnut