It is definitely doable, I build living shorelines in the river systems of the Chesapeake Bay, which is basically recreating beach and marsh areas that are getting destroyed due to development and boat traffic. This method can be applied to a garden pond as well just on a smaller scale. The way to do the beach area without any adhesive, is as you suggested on a deeper shelf set large boulders on a piece of fabric/ filter cloth similar to your underlay for the pond liner. These boulders or large rocks would need to come around the sides of the beach area as well until it gets up above the water line. Leave the filter cloth long enough so it can be pulled up behind the large boulders, at this point chink up the gaps where the large boulders meet, with smaller rocks this will prevent the cloth from sagging in these gaps as the sand or pebbles are placed into the beach area and also wont let the sand or pebbles get into the deep end. If you have the room the gentler the slope the better, but probably a 4:1 or better slope would work to keep the sand from sliding into the deep end of the pond.